Quick Revision of Nationalism in India Class 10 History

“Explore detailed CBSE Class 10 History notes on ‘Nationalism in India’ from NCERT. Learn about the Non-Cooperation Movement, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement, and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in the Indian freedom struggle. Perfect for board exam preparation with concise exam-focused content.”

1. Emergence of Nationalism in India
   • Growth of nationalism linked to the anti-colonial movement.
   • Shared sense of oppression under colonial rule tied diverse groups together.
   • Different social groups had vaired experiences and notions of freedom.
   • Mahatma Gandhi attempted to unite these groups under one movement, despite conflicts.
2. first World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation
   • Economic and Political Impact of WWI
     • Increase in defence expenditure funded by war loans and taxes.
     • Sharp rise in prices, doubling between 1913 and 1918.
     • Forced recruitment-of soldiers caused anger in villages.
     • Crop failures (1918-21) and influenza epidemic caused widespread suffering.
     • Around 12-13 million deaths due to famine and epidemic (1921 census.)
3. The Idea of Satyagraha
   • Gandhi returned to India (1915) after successfully using satyagraha in South Africa.
   • Satyagraha: Emphasis on truth and non-violence to appeal to the oppressor’s conscience.
   • Early Satyagraha movements:
     • Chapmaran (1917): Against oppressive plantation systems.
     • Kheda (1917): Relief from revenue collection for famine-hit peasants.
     • Ahmedabad (1918): Support for cotton mill workers.
4. The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
   • Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed detention without trial, causing widespread protests.
   • Gandhi launched a nationwide hartal on 6 April 1919.
   • Violent suppression:
     • Amritsar: Leaders arrested; Gandhi barred from Delhi.
     • 13 April 1919: Jallianwalla Bagh massacre by General Dyer, killing hundreds.
   • Afermath: Protests, strikes, and brutal repression by the British.
   • Gandhi called off the movement due to rising violence.
5. Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation
   • Post-WWI, harsh treaty rumors against Ottoman Turkey led to Khilafat Movement (1919).
   • Leaders: Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali worked with Gandhi.
   • Congress supported Khilafat and Swaraj, leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement.
6. Why Non-Cooperation?
   • Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj (1909): British rule survived due to Indian cooperation.
   • Plan for Non-Cooperation:
     • Surrender of government titles.
     • Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, schools, council, and foreign goods.
     • Full civil disobedience if repression occurred.
   • Mobilization: Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively
   • Concerns within Congress:
     • Fear of violence and reluctance to boycott elections (Nov 1920).
     • Compromise at Nagpur session (Dec 1920): Non-cooperation adopted.
7. The Movement in the Towns
   • Middle-Class Participation:
     • Students left schools, teachers resigned, and lawyers quit practice.
     • Boycott of council elections (except in Madras by the Justice Party).
   • Economic Impact:
     • Boycott of foreign goods, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt.
     • Import of foreign cloth dropped from ₹102 crore (1921) to ₹57 crore (1922).
     • Boost to Indian textiles and handlooms.
   • Challenges:
     • Khadi cloth expensive, alternative institutions slow to develop.
     • Students and lawyers returned to British institutions over time.
8. Rebellion in the Countryside
   • Peasant Movement in Awadh:
     • Led by Baba Ramchandra, targeting oppressive talukdars and landlords.
     • Demands: Reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and boycott of landlords.
     • Oudh Kisan Sabha (1920): Formed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra, and others.
     • Violent forms: Attacts on talukdar hosese, bazaars looted, and grains seized.
   • Tribal Movement in Gudem Hills
     • Led by alluri Sitaram Raju, inspired by Non-Cooperation but advocate force.
     • Revolt against forest laws and forced begar.
     • Guerrilla warfare against British; Raju captured and and executed in 1924.
9. Swaraj in the Plantations
   • Plantation Workers’ Struggles:
     • Desired freedom to leave plantations and return to villages.
     • Defied the Inland Emigration Act (1859) and fled plantations.
     • Believed Gandhi Raj would end suffering but were caught and punished.