Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Short notes for quick revision

Agriculture from Class 10 Geography (NCERT), it covers various aspects of Indian agriculture, including its importance, types of farming, cropping patterns, major crops, technological and institutional reforms, and the challenges faced by the agriculture sector. Here’s a concise summary of the key points:

India’s Agriculture Significance

• Two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture for livelihood.
• Agriculture provides food, raw materials for industries, and products for export (e.g., tea, coffee, spices).

Types of Farming

1. Primitive Subsistence Farming:
   • Practices on small patches using primitive tools (e.g., hoe, dao).
   • Relies on monsoon and natural soil fertility.
   • Includes slash-and-burn methods (e.g., jhumming in northeastern India).
   • Examples of crops: cereals and subsistence crops.
2. Intensive Subsistence Farming:
   • High population pressure; labour-intensive with biochemical inputs.
   • Practices in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu.
3. Commercial Farming:
   • Focuses on higher productivity using HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.
   • Includes plantation crops (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber).
   • Example; Rice is commercial in Punjab but subsistence in Odisha

Cropping Patterns

1. Rabi Season: Sown in winter, harvested in summer.
   • Crops: Wheat, barley, mustard, peas.
   • Key states: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh.
2. Kharif Season: Sown with the onset of monsoon.
   • Crops: Paddy, maize, Jowar, cotton.
   • Key states: Assam, West Bengal, Odisha.
3. Zaid Season: Short summer season crops.
   • Crops: Watermelon, cucumber, muskmelon.

major Crops

1. Food Crops:
   • Rice: Grown in regions with high rainfall and irrigation.
   • Wheat: Requires cool growing season and sunshine.
   • Millets (Jowar, Bajra, Ragi): Nutritional, drought-resistant.
   • Maize: Grown as food and fodder.
   • Pulses: Major protein source; help restore soil fertiltiy.
2. Cash Crops
   • Sugarcane: Requires manual labour; used for sugar and jaggery.
   • Oil Seeds: Groundnut, mustard, sunflower; important for edible oils.
3. Plantation Crops:
   • Tea: Requires tropical conditions; grown in Assam, West Bengal.
   • Coffee: Arabica variety cultivated in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
4. Horticulture: Fruits and vegetables, such as mangoes, bananas, and apples.
5. Fibre Crops:
   • Cotton: Essential for textiles; grown in black soil.
   • Jute: Grows in flood plains; known as “golden fibre”.

Technological and Institutional Reforms

• Post-Independence Reforms: Abolition of zamindari, land reforms.
• Green Revolution: Focused on HYV seeds and modern methods.

• White Revolution: Boosted dairy production.
• Recent Initiatives:
  • Crop insurance.
  • Kisan Credit Card (KCC).
  • Establishment of Grameen banks for credit facilities.

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