Question 1: Who was Frederic Sorrieu, and what was his vision in the 1848 prints?
Answer: Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who visualized his dream of a world made up of “democratic and social Republics” in a series of four prints. His firs print depicted the peoples of Europe and America offering homage to the statue of Liberty.
Question 2: How was Liberty personified in Sorrieu’s print?
Answer: Liberty was personified as a female figure bearing the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
Question 3: What is a nation-state?
Answer: A nation-state is a political entity where a centralised power exercises control over a defined territory, and the majority of its citizens shares a common identity, history, or descent.
Question 4: What role did the French Revolution play in the rise of nationalism?
Answer: The French Revolution transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to French citizens and introduced measures like a new flag, common laws, and the abolition of feudal dues, promoting collective identity and national unity.
Question 5: What reforms were introduced by Napoleon through the Napoleonic Code?
Answer: The Napoleonic Code abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, secured property rights, and introduced administrative and economic reforms.
Question 6: How did local populations react to Napoleon’s rule?
Answer: Initially, many welcomed the French armies as liberators, but enthusiasm waned due to increased taxation, censorship, and forced conscription.
Question 7: Why were there no nation-states in mid-18th-century Europe?
Answer: Europe was divided into kingdoms, duchies, and multi-national empires, like the Habsburg Empire, with diverse peoples who lacked a collective identity.
Question 8: Who were the dominant class in 18th-century Europe?
Answer: The landed aristocracy,a small but powerful group, dominated society and politics.
Question 9: What did liberalism stand for in 19th-century Europe?
Answer: Liberalism advocated individual freedom, equality before the law, representative government, and economic freedom.
Question 10: What was the Zollverein, and what was its significance?
Answer: The Zollverein was a customs union formed in 1834 in Germany that abolished tariff barriers, standardised measures, and promoted economic unification.
Question 11: What was the objective of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?
Answer: The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and establish a conservative order in Europe.
Question 12: Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzinni was an Italian revolutionary who founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe to promote the unification of Italy as a democratic republic.
Question 12: Why did conservatives impose censorship after 1815?
Answer: Conservatives imposed censorship to curb criticism of autocratic governments and to suppress ideas of liberty and freedom and freedom inspired by the French Revolution.
Question 14: What was Metternich’s vies of Giuseppe Mazzini?
Answer: Metternich considered Mazzini “the most dangerous enemy of our social order” due to his opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics.
Question 15: What was the role of liberalism and nationalism in Europe between 1830-1848?
Answer: Liberalism and nationalism were associated with revolutions led by the educated middle-class elite across Europe, including Italian and German states, the Ottoman Empire, Ireland, and Poland.
Question 16: Which event led to the overthrow of the Bourbon kings in France?
Answer: The July Revolution of 1830 in France led to the overthrow of the Bourbon kings and the installation of a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.
Question 17: How did the Greek War of Independence influence European nationalist movements?
Answer: The Greek struggle for independence, supported by European intellectuals and exiled Greeks, inspired nationalist feelings across Europe and was recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
Question 18: What was Romanticism’s contribution to nationalism?
Answer: Romanticism emphasized emotions, intuition, and folk culture, promoting a shared cultural heritage and national identity through art, poetry, and folklore.
Question 19: How did language contribute to nationalism in Poland?
Answer: The Polish language symbolized resistance against Russian dominance, as it was preserved in religious and cultural settings despite Russian efforts to suppress it.
Question 20: What hardships did Europeans face in the 1830s?
Answer: Europe faced population growth, unemployment, rural-to-urban migration, competition from industrial goods, and high food prices leading to widespread poverty.
Question 21: What were the key outcomes of the 1848 revolutions in France?
Answer: The monarchy was overthrown, a republic was proclaimed, suffrage was extended to adult males, and national workshops were set up for employment.
Question 22: Why did Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 fail?
Answer: The Frankfurt Parliament failed due to opposition from monarchs and the aristocracy, and lack of support from workers and artisans.
Question 24: Who led the unification of Germany?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian chief minister, led Germany’s unification through wars with Austria, Denamark, and France.
Question 25: How was Italy unified?
Answer: Italy was unified under the leadership of King Victor Emmanuel II and his chief minister Cavour, with help from revolutionary leader Guiseppe Garibaldi.
Question 26: How was the British nation formed?
Answer: The British nation was formed through the Act of Union (1707) with Scotland and the incorporation of Ireland in 1801, leading to the dominance of English culture.
Question 27: What were Marianne and Germania?
Answer: Marianne and Germania were female allegories representing France and Germany, sysmbolising national unity and identity through visual art.
Question 28: What symbolized heroism in Germania’s representation?
Answer: Germania wore a crown of oak leaves, symbolising heroism.
Question 29: Who were the Junkders?
Answer: Junders were Prussian landowners who supported monarchy and military rule during Germany’s unification.
Question 30: What inspired Giuseppe Mazzini’s Young Italy movement?
Answer: Mazzini aimed for a unitary Italian republic and organised secret societies to achieve this goal.
Question 31: What happened to nationalism by the late 19th century?
Answer: It became a narrow creed, intolerant and limited in its ends
Question 32: What was the major source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
Answer: The Balkans.
Question 33: Which countries were part of the Balkans?
Answer: Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.
Question 34: Who controlled a large part of the Balkans during the 19th century?
Answer: The Ottoman Empire.
Question 35: What led to conflicts among Balkan states?
Answer: Jealousy over territories and power struggles.
Question 36: Why was the Balkan region important to European powers>
Answer: It was significant for trade, colonies, and naval and military influence.
Question 37: Which European powers were involved in the Balkan rivalry?
Answer: Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary.
Question 38: What was the ultimate result of Balkan conflicts?
Answer: A series of wars and the First World War.
Question 40: How did nationalism align with imperialism?
Answer: Nationalism fueled imperial ambitions, leading to rivalry and wars.
Question 41: What was the focus of anti-imperial movements in colonised countries?
Answer: To gain independence and form nation-states.
History Class 10 Chapter wise Questions and Answers
- Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
- Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
- Chapter 3 The making of a Global World